Basic Structure of the Constitution

The “Basic Structure” doctrine is a judicial innovation that protects the core framework of the Indian Constitution from amendments that would alter its essential character. Although the Constitution does not explicitly mention a “basic structure,” the Supreme Court has held that certain fundamental features—such as democracy, secularism, the rule of law, and the separation of powers—cannot be abrogated by Parliament.

This doctrine serves as a safeguard, ensuring that even when amendments are passed, the spirit and foundational principles of the Constitution remain intact.