Subject: Polity
Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Elaborates on the constitutional amendments that institutionalized Panchayati Raj. Key features include a three-tier system, mandatory elections every five years, reservation for women and SC/ST, the establishment of State Finance Commissions, and direct involvement of Gram Sabhas. Panchayats gained authority to implement development programs in agriculture, rural housing, and sanitation. The amendment aimed to deepen democracy and empower marginalized sections. Implementation varies across states, with some achieving commendable success (e.g., Kerala) in participatory planning, while others lag due to poor financial devolution or bureaucratic bottlenecks. It remains a cornerstone in strengthening rural governance and participatory development.
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