Subject: Polity
Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Originally guaranteed protection of life and personal liberty only from executive action. Judicial interpretation has vastly expanded it to include rights to health, education, livelihood, environment, shelter, reputation, and a speedy trial. The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) famously introduced “due process of law,” ensuring reasonableness in state actions. Environmental jurisprudence (Ganga pollution, vehicular emissions) recognized a healthy environment as integral to life. This expansion ensures the Constitution remains responsive to modern challenges, balancing civil liberties with collective welfare. Critics caution about judicial overreach. Nonetheless, Article 21’s breadth exemplifies the dynamic nature of Indian constitutional law.
भारतीय संविधान में संशोधन की प्रक्रिया किस आधार पर की जाती है?
View Questionकार्यपालिका के प्रमुख के रूप में किसे नियुक्त किया जाता है?
View Questionराज्यों के बीच शक्तियों का संतुलन किस सिद्धांत पर आधारित है?
View QuestionWhich of the following is a provision related to the financial powers of the Parliament?
View QuestionWho among the following was the first woman Governor of an Indian state?
View Questionकिस संविधान संशोधन ने राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव में एकल मत प्रणाली अपनाने का प्रावधान किया?
View Questionउच्च न्यायालयों का गठन किस आधार पर किया जाता है?
View Questionसंसद में मतभेद सुलझाने के लिए किस व्यवस्था का प्रयोग होता है?
View Questionभारतीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का गठन किस आधार पर हुआ?
View QuestionWhich of the following is NOT a part of the Union List of the Indian Constitution?
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