Topic Details (Notes format)

Article 21 and Expanding Horizons

Subject: Polity

Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth

Originally guaranteed protection of life and personal liberty only from executive action. Judicial interpretation has vastly expanded it to include rights to health, education, livelihood, environment, shelter, reputation, and a speedy trial. The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) famously introduced “due process of law,” ensuring reasonableness in state actions. Environmental jurisprudence (Ganga pollution, vehicular emissions) recognized a healthy environment as integral to life. This expansion ensures the Constitution remains responsive to modern challenges, balancing civil liberties with collective welfare. Critics caution about judicial overreach. Nonetheless, Article 21’s breadth exemplifies the dynamic nature of Indian constitutional law.

Practice Questions

Who has the authority to promulgate ordinances in India?

Who is responsible for the appointment of the members of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)?

What is the maximum number of members in the Rajya Sabha?

अधिकारों की गारंटी किस अनुच्छेद के माध्यम से दी गई है?

The Parliament of India consists of which of the following?

What is the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha?

What is the role of the Election Commission of India?

राष्ट्रपति की अनुपस्थिति में संसद में किस सत्र को आयोजित किया जाता है?

संसद में मतभेद सुलझाने के लिए किस व्यवस्था का प्रयोग होता है?

राष्ट्रपति द्वारा दी जाने वाली शपथ किस अनुच्छेद में प्रावधिक है?