Subject: Polity
Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Originally guaranteed protection of life and personal liberty only from executive action. Judicial interpretation has vastly expanded it to include rights to health, education, livelihood, environment, shelter, reputation, and a speedy trial. The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) famously introduced “due process of law,” ensuring reasonableness in state actions. Environmental jurisprudence (Ganga pollution, vehicular emissions) recognized a healthy environment as integral to life. This expansion ensures the Constitution remains responsive to modern challenges, balancing civil liberties with collective welfare. Critics caution about judicial overreach. Nonetheless, Article 21’s breadth exemplifies the dynamic nature of Indian constitutional law.
संसद सत्रों का आयोजन किसके द्वारा किया जाता है?
View QuestionWhich of the following is NOT a part of the Indian Constitution?
View Questionसंसदीय प्रश्न सत्र के दौरान प्रश्नों के उत्तर कौन देता है?
View Questionसंविधान संशोधन की प्रक्रिया में राज्यसभाओं का समर्थन कितने प्रतिशत से अधिक होना चाहिए?
View QuestionWho has the authority to promulgate ordinances in India?
View QuestionWho among the following appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of India?
View QuestionWhich of the following is the longest serving Chief Minister in India?
View Questionकिस अनुच्छेद के तहत नागरिकों को वर्गीय भेदभाव से सुरक्षा मिलती है?
View QuestionWho was the first woman Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
View Questionमौलिक अधिकारों के उल्लंघन पर तत्काल न्यायिक राहत किस अनुच्छेद में दी जाती है?
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