Subject: Polity
Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Originally guaranteed protection of life and personal liberty only from executive action. Judicial interpretation has vastly expanded it to include rights to health, education, livelihood, environment, shelter, reputation, and a speedy trial. The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) famously introduced “due process of law,” ensuring reasonableness in state actions. Environmental jurisprudence (Ganga pollution, vehicular emissions) recognized a healthy environment as integral to life. This expansion ensures the Constitution remains responsive to modern challenges, balancing civil liberties with collective welfare. Critics caution about judicial overreach. Nonetheless, Article 21’s breadth exemplifies the dynamic nature of Indian constitutional law.
अधिकारों की गारंटी किस अनुच्छेद के माध्यम से दी गई है?
View QuestionWho was the first President of India?
View Questionभारतीय संविधान में संशोधन की प्रक्रिया किस आधार पर की जाती है?
View QuestionWhich of the following is the longest-serving political party in India?
View Questionन्यायपालिका की नियुक्ति में पुनरीक्षण किस सिद्धांत पर आधारित है?
View QuestionWho among the following can recommend the dissolution of the Lok Sabha?
View Questionराजनीतिक दलों की स्वतंत्रता किस अनुच्छेद में सुनिश्चित की गई है?
View QuestionWho was the first woman President of the Indian National Congress?
View QuestionWhich of the following is the highest court of appeal in India?
View Questionसंसद द्वारा विधेयक का पुनर्विचार किस अनुच्छेद के अंतर्गत संभव है?
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