Topic Details (Notes format)

Article 21 and Expanding Horizons

Subject: Polity

Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth

Originally guaranteed protection of life and personal liberty only from executive action. Judicial interpretation has vastly expanded it to include rights to health, education, livelihood, environment, shelter, reputation, and a speedy trial. The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) famously introduced “due process of law,” ensuring reasonableness in state actions. Environmental jurisprudence (Ganga pollution, vehicular emissions) recognized a healthy environment as integral to life. This expansion ensures the Constitution remains responsive to modern challenges, balancing civil liberties with collective welfare. Critics caution about judicial overreach. Nonetheless, Article 21’s breadth exemplifies the dynamic nature of Indian constitutional law.

Practice Questions

अधिकारों की गारंटी किस अनुच्छेद के माध्यम से दी गई है?

संघीय ढांचे का विवरण किस अनुच्छेद में मिलता है?

Which of the following is a feature of the Indian Constitution?

Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for the protection of interests of minorities?

किस अनुच्छेद के तहत नागरिकों को वर्गीय भेदभाव से सुरक्षा मिलती है?

Which of the following is the longest serving Chief Minister in India?

कार्यपालिका के प्रमुख का चुनाव किसके द्वारा किया जाता है?

Which is the largest state in India by area?

संविधान संशोधन के प्रस्ताव किसके द्वारा प्रस्तुत किए जाते हैं?

Which article of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of speech and expression?