Topic Details (Notes format)

Article 21 and Expanding Horizons

Subject: Polity

Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth

Originally guaranteed protection of life and personal liberty only from executive action. Judicial interpretation has vastly expanded it to include rights to health, education, livelihood, environment, shelter, reputation, and a speedy trial. The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) famously introduced “due process of law,” ensuring reasonableness in state actions. Environmental jurisprudence (Ganga pollution, vehicular emissions) recognized a healthy environment as integral to life. This expansion ensures the Constitution remains responsive to modern challenges, balancing civil liberties with collective welfare. Critics caution about judicial overreach. Nonetheless, Article 21’s breadth exemplifies the dynamic nature of Indian constitutional law.

Practice Questions

Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with the impeachment of the President?

राष्ट्रपति की नियुक्ति में किस संस्था का योगदान महत्वपूर्ण होता है?

संघीय ढांचे में केंद्र और राज्य सरकारों के बीच शक्ति का विभाजन किस सिद्धांत पर आधारित है?

What is the maximum number of judges in the Supreme Court of India?

Who among the following was the first woman Governor of an Indian state?

संविधान सभा की बैठकें किस वर्ष प्रारंभ हुई थीं?

Who is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

उच्च न्यायालयों का गठन किस आधार पर किया जाता है?

मौलिक अधिकारों की सुरक्षा के लिए नागरिकों को कौन सा अधिकार प्रदान किया गया है?

Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for the amendment process?