Subject: Mathematics
Book: Maths Mastery
When population standard deviation is unknown and sample sizes are small, the t-distribution replaces the normal (z) distribution in confidence interval and hypothesis testing. T-distributions depend on degrees of freedom (n–1 for a single sample). As sample size increases, the t-curve approaches the normal curve. For example, a 95% CI for a sample mean with 10 observations uses a critical t-value from t-tables. This approach underpins real-life scenarios with limited data, ensuring valid inference. Grasping the t-distribution is crucial in numerous lab measurements, academic research, or pilot studies with small samples.
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