Subject: Polity
Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
Details urban local governance introduced by the 74th Amendment Act (1992). Municipal bodies—Nagar Panchayats for transitional areas, Municipal Councils for smaller cities, and Municipal Corporations for large metropolitan areas—enable grassroots democracy in towns. Elected councils deliberate on urban planning, water supply, solid waste management, street lighting, and local taxation. Ward committees and reservations for women/SC/ST ensure inclusivity. The Act mandates regular elections, State Finance Commissions for resource devolution, and District Planning Committees for integrated rural-urban planning. Yet, municipalities often struggle with financial dependency on state grants, capacity deficits, and bureaucratic overlap, highlighting the need for deeper reforms in urban governance.
What is the term of office for a Governor of a state in India?
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