Topic Details (Notes format)

Periodic Table in English

Subject: Chemistry

Book: GK

The Periodic Table is the cornerstone of chemistry, systematically arranging all known chemical elements by their atomic numbers. It reveals crucial information about:
• Atomic number (the number of protons)
• Symbol (abbreviations like H, He, Li)
• Average atomic mass
• Groups (columns) and Periods (rows)
• Physical and chemical properties (metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and reactivity)

Below is a comprehensive overview of all 118 elements, listing their English names, chemical symbols, and a brief property or use:

1) Hydrogen (H) – Atomic #1: Lightest element, crucial in water (H2O) and organic compounds.
2) Helium (He) – #2: Noble gas, used in balloons and cryogenics.
3) Lithium (Li) – #3: Lightest metal, vital for rechargeable batteries.
4) Beryllium (Be) – #4: Lightweight, rigid metal used in aerospace.
5) Boron (B) – #5: A metalloid, found in borax and used in detergents.
6) Carbon (C) – #6: Basis of life (organic chemistry), forms diamond and graphite.
7) Nitrogen (N) – #7: ~78% of Earth’s atmosphere, used in fertilizers.
8) Oxygen (O) – #8: ~21% of atmosphere, essential for respiration.
9) Fluorine (F) – #9: Most reactive nonmetal, used in dental care (fluoride).
10) Neon (Ne) – #10: Noble gas, famous for neon signage.
11) Sodium (Na) – #11: Alkali metal, key in common salt (NaCl).
12) Magnesium (Mg) – #12: Lightweight metal, used in flares, essential for chlorophyll.
13) Aluminium (Al) – #13: Corrosion-resistant, used in packaging and aerospace.
14) Silicon (Si) – #14: Semiconductor found in computer chips and sand.
15) Phosphorus (P) – #15: Fertilizers, matchboxes, DNA component.
16) Sulfur (S) – #16: Used in sulfuric acid, gunpowder, and rubber vulcanization.
17) Chlorine (Cl) – #17: A halogen gas, used for water disinfection and PVC.
18) Argon (Ar) – #18: Noble gas, used in light bulbs and welding.
19) Potassium (K) – #19: Vital alkali metal in fertilizers and cellular function.
20) Calcium (Ca) – #20: Builds bones/teeth, found in cement.
21) Scandium (Sc) – #21: Rare metal, used in certain aerospace alloys.
22) Titanium (Ti) – #22: Strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant, used in implants.
23) Vanadium (V) – #23: Hardens steel alloys.
24) Chromium (Cr) – #24: Stainless steel production, chrome plating.
25) Manganese (Mn) – #25: Strengthens steel and used in batteries.
26) Iron (Fe) – #26: Core metal in infrastructure; main component of steel.
27) Cobalt (Co) – #27: Magnetic properties, battery electrodes, cobalt blue pigment.
28) Nickel (Ni) – #28: Stainless steel alloys, coinage, corrosion resistance.
29) Copper (Cu) – #29: Excellent electrical conductor, used in wiring/plumbing.
30) Zinc (Zn) – #30: Galvanizing steel, brass alloy (with copper).
31) Gallium (Ga) – #31: Melts near room temp, used in semiconductors and LEDs.
32) Germanium (Ge) – #32: Semiconductor, fiber-optic systems.
33) Arsenic (As) – #33: Toxic metalloid, some alloys and electronics.
34) Selenium (Se) – #34: Photocells, glass manufacturing, antioxidant in biology.
35) Bromine (Br) – #35: Only nonmetal liquid at room temp, flame retardants.
36) Krypton (Kr) – #36: Noble gas used in lighting and photography.
37) Rubidium (Rb) – #37: Highly reactive alkali metal, photoelectric cells.
38) Strontium (Sr) – #38: Red color in fireworks, bone health research.
39) Yttrium (Y) – #39: Phosphors in color displays, lasers, and alloys.
40) Zirconium (Zr) – #40: Corrosion-resistant, used in nuclear reactors.
41) Niobium (Nb) – #41: Strengthens steel, used in superconductors.
42) Molybdenum (Mo) – #42: High-temp alloys, key enzyme cofactor.
43) Technetium (Tc) – #43: First artificially produced element, medical imaging.
44) Ruthenium (Ru) – #44: Electronics, alloying to reduce oxidation.
45) Rhodium (Rh) – #45: Precious metal, catalytic converters, jewelry finishing.
46) Palladium (Pd) – #46: Automotive catalyst, hydrogen storage.
47) Silver (Ag) – #47: Best electrical conductor, jewelry, photography.
48) Cadmium (Cd) – #48: Rechargeable batteries (NiCd), toxic.
49) Indium (In) – #49: Touchscreen (ITO), solders, low-melting alloys.
50) Tin (Sn) – #50: Can-coating, bronze alloy with copper.
51) Antimony (Sb) – #51: Flame retardants, ancient cosmetics.
52) Tellurium (Te) – #52: Semiconductors, improves metal workability.
53) Iodine (I) – #53: Essential nutrient (thyroid), antiseptics.
54) Xenon (Xe) – #54: Noble gas, used in high-intensity lamps and anesthesia.
55) Cesium (Cs) – #55: Highly reactive, atomic clocks.
56) Barium (Ba) – #56: Green color in fireworks, diagnostic contrast in medicine.
57) Lanthanum (La) – #57: Rare earth metal, camera lenses, nickel-metal hydride batteries.
58) Cerium (Ce) – #58: Lighter flints, polishing powders, catalytic converters.
59) Praseodymium (Pr) – #59: Alloy strengthening, green glass color.
60) Neodymium (Nd) – #60: Powerful magnets (NdFeB), lasers.
61) Promethium (Pm) – #61: Radioactive, glow paint, limited industrial usage.
62) Samarium (Sm) – #62: Strong magnets (SmCo), nuclear reactor control rods.
63) Europium (Eu) – #63: Red/blue phosphors in TV, neutron absorbers.
64) Gadolinium (Gd) – #64: MRI contrast agents, high-temp superconductors.
65) Terbium (Tb) – #65: Green phosphors, magneto-optical devices.
66) Dysprosium (Dy) – #66: Magnetic applications, lasers.
67) Holmium (Ho) – #67: Highest magnetic strength.
68) Erbium (Er) – #68: Fiber optic amplifiers, pink glass color.
69) Thulium (Tm) – #69: Rare earth, X-ray device usage.
70) Ytterbium (Yb) – #70: Steel alloying, some quantum computing research.
71) Lutetium (Lu) – #71: Rarest lanthanide, PET scan imaging.
72) Hafnium (Hf) – #72: Nuclear control rods, superalloys.
73) Tantalum (Ta) – #73: Capacitors in electronics, chemical equipment.
74) Tungsten (W) – #74: Highest melting metal, lamp filaments, cutting tools.
75) Rhenium (Re) – #75: Turbine blades, petroleum refining catalysts.
76) Osmium (Os) – #76: Densest metal, pen tips, electrical contacts.
77) Iridium (Ir) – #77: Extremely hard, used in crucibles and pen nibs.
78) Platinum (Pt) – #78: Precious, catalytic converters, jewelry.
79) Gold (Au) – #79: Valuable metal, coins, electronics.
80) Mercury (Hg) – #80: Liquid metal at room temp, thermometers (though toxic).
81) Thallium (Tl) – #81: Highly toxic, electronics.
82) Lead (Pb) – #82: Batteries, radiation shielding, but toxic.
83) Bismuth (Bi) – #83: Low melting, pharmaceuticals, eco-friendly solder.
84) Polonium (Po) – #84: Radioactive, discovered by Marie Curie, rarely used.
85) Astatine (At) – #85: Extremely rare, radioactive halogen.
86) Radon (Rn) – #86: Radioactive noble gas, health hazard in basements.
87) Francium (Fr) – #87: Most reactive alkali metal, short half-life.
88) Radium (Ra) – #88: Radioactive, historically in watch dials, now regulated.
89) Actinium (Ac) – #89: Radioactive actinide, research interest.
90) Thorium (Th) – #90: Potential nuclear fuel alternative, radioactive.
91) Protactinium (Pa) – #91: Rare, highly radioactive.
92) Uranium (U) – #92: Nuclear fuel, weapons-grade usage.
93) Neptunium (Np) – #93: Synthetic, radioactively unstable.
94) Plutonium (Pu) – #94: Key in nuclear weapons, power reactors.
95) Americium (Am) – #95: Smoke detectors, limited commercial usage.
96) Curium (Cm) – #96: Radioactive, used in space rovers.
97) Berkelium (Bk) – #97: Synthetic actinide, extremely limited.
98) Californium (Cf) – #98: Neutron source, gold/oil prospecting.
99) Einsteinium (Es) – #99: Named after Einstein, purely for research.
100) Fermium (Fm) – #100: Found in nuclear bomb debris, used in physics research.
101) Mendelevium (Md) – #101: Named after Dmitri Mendeleev, synthetic.
102) Nobelium (No) – #102: Very short half-life, specialized study.
103) Lawrencium (Lr) – #103: Last actinide, ephemeral existence.
104) Rutherfordium (Rf) – #104: Superheavy, decays rapidly.
105) Dubnium (Db) – #105: Named after Dubna, synthetic element.
106) Seaborgium (Sg) – #106: Named after Glenn Seaborg, lab-based.
107) Bohrium (Bh) – #107: Very unstable, named after Niels Bohr.
108) Hassium (Hs) – #108: Superheavy transition metal.
109) Meitnerium (Mt) – #109: Honors Lise Meitner, ephemeral existence.
110) Darmstadtium (Ds) – #110: Synthesized in Darmstadt, Germany.
111) Roentgenium (Rg) – #111: Honors Wilhelm Röntgen.
112) Copernicium (Cn) – #112: Honors Copernicus, short-lived.
113) Nihonium (Nh) – #113: Named for “Nippon” (Japan).
114) Flerovium (Fl) – #114: Named after Flerov Laboratory, radioactive.
115) Moscovium (Mc) – #115: Named after Moscow region.
116) Livermorium (Lv) – #116: Lawrence Livermore Lab, superheavy.
117) Tennessine (Ts) – #117: Named for Tennessee, ephemeral halogen.
118) Oganesson (Og) – #118: Heaviest recognized noble gas, extremely unstable.

### Importance of the Periodic Table:
- Predicting reactivity and bonding properties.
- Understanding electron configurations systematically.
- Central in creating new alloys, medicines, nuclear fuels, etc.
- Facilitates academic and industrial research.

The Periodic Table remains a dynamic “map” of chemical knowledge, expanding when new elements are synthesized or verified. Mastery of it underpins progress in chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, and many other scientific fields.