Subject: Chemistry
Book: General Chemistry
A reaction is spontaneous if it can proceed without external intervention. The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) is key: negative ΔG indicates spontaneity, positive ΔG indicates nonspontaneity, and ΔG = 0 indicates equilibrium. Temperature can alter spontaneity if ΔH and ΔS have the same sign. Spontaneity does not imply reaction speed; a reaction can be thermodynamically favorable but kinetically slow.
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